I-Ding, i-ding, i-bang, iphule elinye, futhi leli elinye lamathuluzi ajwayeleke kakhulu elebhu yethu, i-glassware.Indlela yokuhlanza ingilazi kanye nendlela yokoma.

Kuningi okufanele ukunake ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa, uyazi?

1. I-use of glassware ezivamile

(I) Pipette

1. Ukuhlelwa: I-pipette yophawu olulodwa (ebizwa ngokuthi i-big belly pipette), i-pipette ethweswe iziqu (uhlobo lokuphuma olungaphelele, uhlobo lokukhishwa okuphelele, uhlobo lokushaywa umoya)

1. I-pipette yophawu olulodwa isetshenziselwa i-pipette umthamo othile wesisombululo ngokunembile.Ububanzi bengxenye yokumaka ye-pipette ephawulwe eyodwa incane futhi ukunemba kuphezulu;I-indexing pipette inobubanzi obukhulu futhi ukunemba kubi kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, lapho ukala ivolumu ephelele yesisombululo, usayizi ohambisanayo uvame ukusetshenziswa i-Single mark pipette esikhundleni se-indexing pipette.

1. Ukusebenza:

Ukufaka amapayipi: ocwaningweni oludinga ukunemba okuphezulu, sula amanzi ayizinsalela esihlokweni sepayipi ngephepha lokuhlunga, bese uhlanza amanzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesihloko sepayipi ngoketshezi olulindile izikhathi ezintathu ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukugcwala kwepayipi. isixazululo esikhishiwe sokusebenza sihlala singashintshiwe.Qaphela ukuthi ungaphinde uxube isixazululo ukuze ugweme ukuhlanjululwa kanye nokungcoliswa kwesixazululo.

Lapho ufaka ipayipi lekhambi elizoshiswa, faka ichopho leshubhu 1-2cm ngaphansi kwendawo ewuketshezi (ijule kakhulu, isixazululo esiningi sinamathela odongeni olungaphandle lweshubhu; alishoni kakhulu: ukumunca kungenalutho ngemuva kokuwa kwezinga loketshezi).

Ukufunda: Umugqa wokubona usezingeni elifanayo nephuzu eliphansi kakhulu le-meniscus yesixazululo.

Ukukhishwa: isihloko se-tube sithinta ingaphakathi lomkhumbi ukuze umkhumbi utsheke futhi ithubhu iqonde.

Kwesobunxele kumahhala odongeni: Ngaphambi kokuthi i-pipette ikhishwe esitsheni sokwamukela, linda imizuzwana emi-3 ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uketshezi luphuma ngokuphelele.

(2) i-volumetric flask

Ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukulungisa isisombululo sokuhlushwa okunembile.

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ama-flasks e-volumetric, hlola ukuthi ivolumu ye-volumetric flask iyahambisana yini nalokho okudingekayo;Amaflaski ansundu wevolumu kufanele asetshenziselwe ukulungisa izinto ezincibilika kalula.Ukuthi ipulaki yokugaya noma ipulaki yepulasitiki ivuza amanzi.

1. Ukuhlolwa kokuvuza: engeza amanzi ompompi endaweni eseduze komugqa welebula, xhuma ukhokho ngokuqinile, cindezela ipulaki ngomunwe wangaphambili, misa ibhodlela libheke phansi imizuzu engu-2, bese usebenzisa iphepha lokuhlunga elomile ukuze uhlole ukuthi akukho yini ukugeleza kwamanzi eduze. igebe lomlomo webhodlela.Uma kungekho ukuvuza kwamanzi, zungeza ukhokho ngo-180° bese ume ekhanda lawo eminye imizuzu emi-2 ukuze uhlole.

2. Amanothi:

Izinduku zengilazi kufanele zisetshenziswe lapho kudluliselwa izixazululo kumaflask evolumu;

Ungalibambi ibhodlela entendeni yesandla sakho ukuze ugweme ukwanda okuwuketshezi;

Lapho ivolumu ku-flask ye-volumetric ifinyelela cishe ku-3/4, nyakazisa ibhodlela le-volumetric izikhathi eziningana (ungahlehli), ukuze wenze isisombululo sixube kahle.Bese ubeka ibhodlela le-volumetric etafuleni bese wengeza kancane amanzi kuze kube yilapho iseduze nomugqa we-1cm, ulinde imizuzu engu-1-2 ukushiya isisombululo esinamathele odongeni lwebhodlela.Engeza amanzi endaweni ephansi kunazo zonke ngaphansi kwezinga le-liquid egobayo kanye ne-tangent kumaki;

Isixazululo esishisayo kufanele sipholiswe ekamelweni lokushisa ngaphambi kokuba sifakwe ku-volumetric flask, ngaphandle kwalokho iphutha levolumu lingabangelwa.

Ibhodlela le-volumeter alikwazi ukubamba isisombululo isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi i-lye, eyogqwala ingilazi futhi yenze ukhokho unamathele futhi ungakwazi ukuvula;

Uma ibhodlela le-volumetric seliphelile, ligeze ngamanzi.

Uma ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside, igeze futhi isule bese isula ngephepha.

1.  Indlela yokugeza

Ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ze-glassware ezisetshenziswa elabhorethri engokwenyama namakhemikhali zihlanzekile ngokuvamile zithinta ukwethembeka nokunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlaziya, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-glassware esetshenzisiwe ihlanzekile.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokugeza i-glassware, okufanele ikhethwe ngokuya ngezidingo zokuhlolwa, ubunjalo bokungcola kanye nezinga lokungcola.Idivayisi yokulinganisa edinga ukulinganisa isisombululo ngokunembile, akulula ukusebenzisa ibhulashi lapho uhlanza, ngoba ibhulashi lisetshenziswa isikhathi eside, kulula ukugqoka udonga lwangaphakathi lwedivayisi yokulinganisa, kanye nezinto okufanele zibe ukulinganisa akunembile.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kwengilazi: udonga lwangaphakathi kufanele luswakanyiswe ngokuphelele ngamanzi angenabo ubuhlalu.

Indlela yokuhlanza:

(1) Geza ngamanzi;

(2) Geza nge-detergent noma isixazululo sensipho (le ndlela ayinconywa nge-chromatography noma ukuhlolwa kwe-mass spectrometry, ama-surfactants akulula ukuwahlanza, okungase kuthinte imiphumela yokuhlola);

(3) Sebenzisa i-chromium lotion (i-20g potassium dichromate incibilika ku-40g emanzini ashisayo nanyakaziswayo, bese kwengezwa kancane kancane i-hydrochloric acid engu-360g yezimboni): inamandla amakhulu okukhipha uwoyela ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa konakala kakhulu futhi ubuthi obuthile.Naka ukuphepha;

(4) Ezinye izinto zokuthambisa;

I-alkaline potassium permanganate lotion: I-4g ye-potassium permanganate ichithwa emanzini, i-10g ye-potassium hydroxide iyengezwa futhi ihlanjululwe ngamanzi ku-100ml.Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amabala amafutha noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

I-oxalic acid lotion: I-5-10g i-oxalic acid ichithwa emanzini angu-100ml, futhi inani elincane le-hydrochloric acid eligxilile liyengezwa.Lesi sixazululo sisetshenziselwa ukugeza i-manganese dioxide ekhiqizwa ngemuva kokugeza kwe-potassium permanganate.

I-iodine-potassium iodide lotion (1g ye-iodine kanye ne-2g ye-potassium iodide kuchithwa emanzini futhi kuhlanjululwe ngamanzi ku-100ml): kusetshenziselwa ukugeza ukungcola okusalile okunsundu kwesiliva nitrate.

Isixazululo esihlanzekile sokukhetha: 1:1 i-hydrochloric acid noma i-nitric acid.Isetshenziselwa ukususa ama-trace ions.

I-alkaline lotion: 10% sodium hydroxide solution aqueous.Umphumela wokunciphisa ukushisa ngokushisa ungcono.

Izinyibilikisi zemvelo (i-ether, i-ethanol, i-benzene, i-acetone): ezisetshenziselwa ukugeza amabala kawoyela noma izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikiswe ku-solvent.

3. Drying

I-glassware kufanele igezwe futhi yomiswe ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva ngemva kokuhlolwa ngakunye.Ukuhlolwa okuhlukene kunezidingo ezihlukene zezinga lokomisa kwezinsimbi zengilazi.Isibonelo, i-flask engunxantathu esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-acidity titrating ingasetshenziswa ngemva kokuwashwa, kuyilapho i-flask engunxantathu esetshenziswa ekunqumeni amafutha idinga ukomiswa.Insimbi kufanele yomiswe ngokwezidingo ezahlukene.

(1) Umoya omile: uma ungawudingi ngokushesha, ungomiswa ubheke phansi;

(2) Ukomisa: Kungomiswa kuhhavini ku-105-120℃ (idivayisi yokulinganisa ayikwazi ukomiswa kuhhavini);

(3) Ukomisa umoya: umoya oshisayo ungasetshenziswa ukomisa ngokushesha (i-glass appliance dryer).

Yiqiniso, uma ufuna indlela ephephile nephumelelayo yokuhlanza nokomisa, ungaphinda ukhethe iwasha yengilazi yaselabhorethri ekhiqizwe yi-XPZ.Akukwazi kuphela ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokuhlanza, kodwa futhi konga isikhathi, umzamo, amanzi kanye nomsebenzi.Iwasha yengilazi yaselabhorethri ekhiqizwe yi-XPZ isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bakamuva bokuhlanza bamazwe ngamazwe.Ingakwazi ukuqedela ukuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo, ukukhipha amagciwane nokomisa ngenkinobho eyodwa, ikulethela isipiliyoni esisha sokusebenza kahle, isivinini nokuphepha.Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanza nokomisa akugcini nje ukuthuthukisa izinga nokusebenza kahle kokuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola nokulimala ngesikhathi somsebenzi.